{"id":3165,"date":"2022-12-01T03:44:05","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T03:44:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seaco.vn\/en\/?p=3165"},"modified":"2022-12-01T03:45:17","modified_gmt":"2022-12-01T03:45:17","slug":"3165-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seaco.vn\/en\/3165-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/h3>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf \u201cThe Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present\u201d\u00a0n\u0103m 1969, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David S. Landes \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed \u0110MST nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Prometheus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0110MST. Nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y, \u0110MST l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Cirera, Xavier, and William F. Maloney, 2017). Trong V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XIII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2021, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d (\u0110MST) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ri\u00eang, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0110MST c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2020 – 2030. Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 4.0, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thi\u00ean tai hay d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh Covid-19 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do v\u1eady, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n

2.1. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D) cao v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0110MST tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u0110MST nhanh l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho R&D cao. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf (OECD) n\u0103m 2021, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho R&D so v\u1edbi GDP c\u1ee7a Israel l\u00e0 5,4%, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu n\u0103m 2000, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 so v\u1edbi v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m OECD l\u00e0 2% th\u00ec t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2021, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 4,8%, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 4 l\u1ea7n, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 2 l\u1ea7n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110MST nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. Trong khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0110MST \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D trong t\u1ed5ng GDP t\u0103ng qua c\u00e1c n\u0103m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 2017, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D trong t\u1ed5ng GDP ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 0,53% trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Malaysia hay Th\u00e1i Lan l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 2,15%, 1,44% v\u00e0 1%. \u00a0N\u0103m 2019, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 2 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (ch\u1ec9 sau M\u1ef9) v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho R&D t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi 515 t\u1ef7 USD, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 2,2% GDP (OECD. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D n\u0103m 2021). (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 1)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o R&D v\u00e0 \u0110MST trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (Romer, 1986). \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110MST m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, chi ti\u00eau t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong t\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho chi ti\u00eau R&D r\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb 70 – 80%, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Israel khi ngu\u1ed3n chi ti\u00eau R&D ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1edbi t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau R&D c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u0169ng t\u0103ng nhanh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lan v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho R&D t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi 40% n\u0103m 2014 l\u00ean tr\u00ean 80% n\u0103m 2017. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho chi ti\u00eau R&D t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng nh\u1eb9 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010 – 2018. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh trong \u0110MST c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0110MST To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2021 (GII 2021). (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 2)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi tie\u0302u cho R&D cu\u0309a doanh nghi\u1eb9\u0302p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111a\u0303 ta\u0306ng 8 l\u00e2\u0300n trong giai \u0111oa\u0323n 2011 – 2017, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi tie\u0302u cho R&D cu\u0309a doanh nghi\u1eb9\u0302p so v\u01a1\u0301i GDP v\u00e2\u0303n chi\u0309 \u01a1\u0309 m\u01b0\u0301c 0,4%, th\u00e2\u0301p ho\u031bn so v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c nu\u031b\u01a1\u0301c ASEAN kha\u0301c nhu\u031b Malaysia va\u0300 Tha\u0301i Lan (m\u01b0\u0301c trung bi\u0300nh cu\u0309a OECD la\u0300 1,6%) (OECD, 2021, trang 11). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi tie\u0302u ha\u0323n ch\u00ea\u0301 cho R&D, \u0110MST c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e2\u0300u h\u00ea\u0301t l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f4\u0309i m\u01a1\u0301i ti\u00ea\u0301t ki\u1eb9\u0302m\u201d (frugal innovation), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nhu\u031b th\u01b0\u0323c hi\u1eb9\u0302n ca\u0301c s\u01b0\u0309a \u0111\u00f4\u0309i nho\u0309 \u0111\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c sa\u0309n ph\u00e2\u0309m hi\u1eb9\u0302n ta\u0323i \u0111\u00ea\u0309 d\u00ea\u0303 ti\u00ea\u0301p c\u1ea1\u0302n ho\u031bn v\u01a1\u0301i kha\u0301ch ha\u0300ng co\u0301 thu nh\u1ea1\u0302p th\u00e2\u0301p (OECD, 2021, trang 5).B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 R&D cao, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110MST th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n R&D so v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau R&D do khu v\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kinh doanh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0110MST \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb 70 – 90%, trong \u0111\u00f3 Israel lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D do doanh nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi 30% n\u0103m 2011 l\u00ean tr\u00ean 70% n\u0103m 2017. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n 60% n\u0103m 2011 xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n 10% n\u0103m 2017. (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 3)\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau R&D do doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u cao, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1edbi t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0110MST \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010 – 2020 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 13% n\u0103m 2020. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110MST h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (t\u1eeb 70 – 90%). (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 4)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao<\/span><\/h4>\n
2.2.1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h5>\n

Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed9i sinh, v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Romer, 1990; Aghion v\u00e0 Howitt, 1992; Acemoglu, 1996; Aghion v\u00e0 Howitt, 1998). Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n (Vandenbussche et al., 2006; Aghion et al. ., 2009; Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle, 2010; Castello-Climent and Mukhopadhyay, 2013). Theo Vandenbussche v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2006), l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giao ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (“c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng theo quy tr\u00ecnh”) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p cao (higher education) (Levy v\u00e0 Murnane 2005).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p (Dongmin Kong v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022; Pan, Xia v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2020). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m 1.268 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Dongmin Kongv\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (Dongmin Kong v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022).K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Theo Cecile Hoareau, Jo Ritzen v\u00e0 Gabriele Marconi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa 2 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb 32 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau:\u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc = 0.26 * \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 + 0.02 * t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch + 0.10 * t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd (Hoareau, C., Ritzen, J. & Marconi, G. (2013), trang 18). Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Singarore. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, Singapore \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Singapore th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc (RCEs). N\u0103m RCEs \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Singapore – \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Singapore (NUS) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nanyang (NTU) – \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i trung t\u00e2m. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Singapore \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (Lim Chuan Poh (2016), trang 135). Trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 2012 – 2022, NTU \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 25 l\u00ean 11, NUS t\u0103ng t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 47 l\u00ean 12 trong B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi QS. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Singapore lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 1 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 2 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo b\u1ed9 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0110MST to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u GII. (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 5)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua. N\u0103m 2021, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 90 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 132 qu\u1ed1c gia trong Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0110MST to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, t\u1ee5t 3 h\u1ea1ng so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2020 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng 8 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 24% n\u0103m 2014 xu\u1ed1ng 22,7% n\u0103m 2021. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2022, Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi c\u00f3 4 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng trong B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng QS, trong \u0111\u00f3, 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m 1.000 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. (Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 6)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
2.2.2. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h5>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh m\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi, t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (McMullen & Long, 1987; Vesper & McMullen, 1988; Hill, 1988; Donckels, 1991 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Kuratko, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede Malaysia, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2011, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc (Munirah Abd Hamid (2013), trang 4). C\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c (Yusoff, Zainol, & Ibrahim, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3. Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng<\/span><\/h4>\n

Trong 20 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110MST t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda cung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 R&D (European Commision, 2003; Kok, 2004; Edler et al., 2005; Aho et al., 2006; Edler v\u00e0 Georghiou 2007). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110MST kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edbi khi nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0110MST (Mowery v\u00e0 Rosenberg 1979; Rothwell v\u00e0 Zegveld 1981; Geroski 1990). Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, Geroski (1990) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p R&D.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110MST (\u1ee6y ban ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 2010a, 2010b; OECD 2011; Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb 2014\/24\/EU 2014). Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a OECD v\u1ec1 mua s\u1eafm chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 2015, g\u1ea7n 80% c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tham gia kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 50% \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n mua s\u1eafm cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi (OECD, 2017). Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 mua s\u1eafm cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 mua s\u1eafm. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Brazil \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1edbi 25% cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, 10% chi ph\u00ed mua s\u1eafm s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba (SME) c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi (Lember v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2014), trang 6).C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh mua s\u1eafm h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf ri\u00eang khu v\u1ef1c OECD m\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c), x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mong mu\u1ed1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3) ho\u1eb7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec l\u00fd do c\u1ea1nh tranh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf Brazil, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u1edf \u00dac).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0110MST b\u1eb1ng mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean phong trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Space Angels. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2019 c\u1ee7a Space capital, c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, SpaceX, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la trong 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n theo ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Space capital, 2019, trang 2). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1eeb C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia NASA, SpaceX \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Dragon capsule c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. N\u0103m 2021, SpaceX ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 2,9 t\u1ef7 USD c\u1ee7a NASA \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 Malaysia. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Malaysia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Malaysia l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1998 (Mohd Jamal Kamdi, 2004). C\u00f4ng ty ti\u00ean phong, T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n IRIS Group c\u1ee7a Malaysia, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho h\u01a1n 12 qu\u1ed1c gia (Khairul Naim Adham, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng cung. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba (DNNVV) v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2021 c\u1ee7a OECD nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u201cNhi\u0300n chung, chi\u0301nh sa\u0301ch h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u01a1\u0323 \u0111\u00f4\u0309i m\u01a1\u0301i sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u t\u1ea1\u0302p trung va\u0300o ca\u0301c bi\u1eb9\u0302n pha\u0301p phi\u0301a cung, trong khi i\u0301t chu\u0301 y\u0301 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n vi\u1eb9\u0302c xa\u0302y d\u01b0\u0323ng na\u0306ng l\u01b0\u0323c \u0111\u00f4\u0309i m\u01a1\u0301i \u01a1\u0309 c\u00e2\u0301p \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 doanh nghi\u1eb9\u0302p \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ta\u0306ng cu\u031b\u01a1\u0300ng na\u0306ng l\u01b0\u0323c cu\u0309a ca\u0301c DNNVV trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c ti\u00ea\u0301p thu co\u0302ng ngh\u1eb9\u0302 be\u0302n ngoa\u0300i (phi\u0301a c\u00e2\u0300u).\u201d (OECD, 2021, trang 14). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Cirera n\u0103m 2021 cho th\u1ea5y, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi doanh DNNVV \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi 75% doanh nghi\u1ec7p DNNVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c (g\u1ea7n 60%) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (g\u1ea7n 50%) (Cirera v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021, trang 25-26). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t trong B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh (PCI) n\u0103m 2021, 69% doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00e2\u0301n \u0111\u00ea\u0300 kho\u0301 kha\u0306n l\u01a1\u0301n nh\u00e2\u0301t ma\u0300 doanh nghi\u1eb9\u0302p g\u1ea1\u0306p pha\u0309i, cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ed1n (47%) hay th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng (32%).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110MST, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cho R&D, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau cho R&D so v\u1edbi GDP b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110MST nhanh trong khu v\u1ef1c (1 – 2%).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft theo ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 theo ng\u00e0nh ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0110MST gi\u1eefa Doanh nghi\u1ec7p – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc – Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng qua ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n R&D v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1, n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0. \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u GII l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 75-80.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc mua b\u00e1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110MST c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Aho,\u00a0Esko,\u00a0Jozef\u00a0Cornu,\u00a0Luke\u00a0Georghiou, and\u00a0Antoni\u00a0Subira.\u00a0(2006). Creating an Innovative Europe. Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&D and Innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (2022). Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 02\/NQ-CP v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh, n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 2022, <https:\/\/tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn\/Uploads\/2022\/1\/7\/20\/NQ-02-CP.pdf<\/a>><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Cirera, X. et al. (2021). Firm-Level Technology Adoption in Vietnam, The World Bank (Policy Research Working Papers). doi: 10.1596\/1813-9450-9567.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Dongmin Kong, Bohui Zhang, Jian Zhang (2022). Higher education and corporate innovation, Journal of Corporate Finance, Volume 72, 2022, 102165, ISSN 0929-1199.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Edler,\u00a0Jakob, and\u00a0Jillian\u00a0Yeow.\u00a0(2016). Connecting Demand and Supply: The Role of Intermediation in Public Procurement of Innovation.\u00a0Research Policy45 (2):\u00a0414- doi:\u00a010.1016\/j.respol.2015.10.010\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Edler,\u00a0Jakob, and\u00a0Luke\u00a0Georghiou.\u00a0(2007). Public Procurement and Innovation-Resurrecting the Demand Side.Research Policy\u00a036 (7):\u00a0949- doi:\u00a010.1016\/j.respol.2007.03.003\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  7. European Commission\u00a0(2003).\u00a0Investing in research: an action plan for Europe.\u00a0Brussels.\u00a0 [online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/invest-in-research\/pdf\/download_en\/investing_en.pdf<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  8. European Commission.\u00a0(2010a).\u00a0Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative: Innovation Union.\u00a0Brussels.\u00a0[online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.kowi.de\/Portaldata\/2\/Resources\/fp\/com-2010-innovation-union.pdf<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  9. European Commission.\u00a0(2010b).\u00a0Europe 2020: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth: Communication from the Commission.\u00a0Brussels.\u00a0[online] Available at:\u00a0http:\/\/aei.pitt.edu\/42633\/1\/com2010_2020en01_straetry.pdf<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  10. Geroski,\u00a0Paul A.\u00a0(1990). Procurement Policy as a Tool of Industrial Policy.\u00a0International Review of Applied Economics\u00a04 (2):\u00a0182- doi:\u00a010.1080\/758523673\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  11. Hoareau, C., Ritzen, J. & Marconi, G. (2013). Higher education and economic innovation, a comparison of European countries,\u00a0IZA J Labor Stud\u00a02,\u00a024 (2013).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-9012-2-24<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  12. Kok,\u00a0Wim.\u00a0(2004).\u00a0Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment. Report from the High Level Group Chaired by Wim Kok. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  13. Kuratko, D. (2003). Entrepreneurship Education: Emerging trends and challenges for the 21st century, Coleman White Paper Series. [online] Available at:\u00a0http:\/\/www.unm.edu\/~asalazar\/Kauffman\/Entrep_research\/e_ed.pdf<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  14. Lim Chuan Poh (2016). From Research to Innovation to Enterprise: The Case of Singapore, Chapter 10 in Global Innovation Index 2016-Winning with Global Innovation, WIPO, Cornell University, INSEAD.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  15. Malaysia National Economic Advisory Council (2010). New Economic Model for Malaysia Part 1. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.pmo.gov.my\/dokumenattached\/NEM_Report_I.pdf<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  16. Malaysia\u2019s The economic planning unit Prime Minister\u2019s department Putrajaya (2010), The 10th Malaysia Plan. [online] Available at:https:\/\/www.pmo.gov.my\/dokumenattached\/RMK\/RMK10_E.pdf<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  17. Mohd Jamal Kamdi (2022),\u00a0The malaysian electronic passport,<\/a>\u00a0[online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/FAL12\/Documents\/Malaysia.pdf<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  18. Mowery,\u00a0David, and\u00a0Nathan\u00a0Rosenberg (1979). The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies.\u00a0Research Policy\u00a08 (2):\u00a0102- doi:\u00a010.1016\/0048-7333(79)90019-2.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  19. Munirah Abd Hamid (2013). Entrepreneurship Education: The Implementation in Year 1 Primary School Curriculum in Malaysia : a Case Study of One District in East Peninsular Malaysia, PhD thesis, University of York.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  20. OECD (2017). Public procurement for innovation: good practices and strategies, [online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/governance\/public-procurement-for-innovation_9789264265820-en?fbclid=IwAR2uCkcjsZS3sXyPuimh-q8Hh-bWWugpkM1mASjLfGO-EI2T09hlV62mV3<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  21. OECD (2021). Ba\u0301o ca\u0301o chi\u0301nh sa\u0301ch DNNVV va\u0300 kh\u01a1\u0309i nghi\u1eb9\u0302p ta\u0323i vi\u1eb9\u0302t nam. T\u00f4\u0309ng quan \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 va\u0300 ki\u00ea\u0301n nghi\u0323 chi\u0301nh sa\u0301ch, <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/30c79519-en<\/a>><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  22. OECD (2021). S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u T\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D n\u0103m 2021, <https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/rd\/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  23. (2011).\u00a0Demand-side Innovation Policies.\u00a0OECD Publishing.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  24. Pan, Xia; Gao, Yuning; Guo, Dong; Cheng, Wenyin (2020).\u00a0Does Higher Education Promote Firm Innovation in China?, Sustainability, 12(18), 7326-.\u00a0doi:10.3390\/su12187326\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  25. QS World University Rankings (2022). [online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.topuniversities.com\/university-rankings\/world-university-rankings\/2022<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  26. Rothwell,\u00a0Roy, and\u00a0Walter\u00a0Zegveld.\u00a0(1981).\u00a0Industrial Innovation and Public Policy: Preparing for the 1980s and the 1990s.\u00a0London:\u00a0Frances Pinter.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  27. Space capital (2019). US government support of the entrepreneurial space age – 2019, [online] Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.spacecapital.com\/publications\/us-government-support-of-entrepreneurial-space-age-nasa-jpl#:~:text=The%20modern%20space%20economy%20is,and%20creating%20a%20dynamic%20marketplace<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  28. UNESCO Institute of Statistics, S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u Khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, <\u00a0http:\/\/uis.unesco.org\/<\/a>\u00a0><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  29. Veiko Lember & Rainer Kattel & Tarmo Kalvet, (2014).\u00a0How Governments Support Innovation Through Public Procurement: Comparing Evidence from 11 Countries<\/a>,\u00a0 in: Veiko Lember & Rainer Kattel & Tarmo Kalvet (ed.),\u00a0Public Procurement, Innovation and Policy<\/a>, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 287-309, Springer.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  30. World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO, Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0110MST to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u GII c\u00e1c n\u0103m, <https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/global_innovation_index\/en\/<\/a>><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
  31. Yusoff, M., Zainol, F., & Ibrahim, M. (2014), Entrepreneurship education in Malaysia\u2019s public institutions of higher learning: A review of the current practices, International Education Studies, 8, 17-<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Theo: tapchicongthuong.vn<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n